Grammatical Categories of Languages

• On or affecting articles

  • Definiteness
    • definite
    • indefinite
  • Information/Identification
    • given
    • new
  • Tangibility
    • touchable
    • non-touchable
  • Proper
    • proper
    • common

• On demonstratives

  • Location
    • near the speaker
    • far from the speaker
    • very far from the speaker
    • near the hearer
  • Visibility
    • in sight
    • out of sight

• On nouns

  • Size
    • small
  • Value
    • honorable
  • Causation
    • agentive
    • instrumental

• On nouns, adjectives, pronouns, articles, demonstratives

  • Gender
    • masculine
    • feminine
    • neuter
  • Number
    • singular
    • dual
    • trial
    • plural
  • Case
    • type one (Indo-European)
      • nominative/subjective
      • genitive/possessive
      • ablative
      • dative
      • locative
      • instrumental
      • accusative/objective
      • vocative
    • type two (Semitic)
      • absolute
      • construct/possessed
    • case is closely related to and sometimes confused with
      prepostitions and postpositions (especially the latter)
  • Size
    • small
  • Shape (see also shape under verbs)
    • long & slender
    • flat & round
    • angular
  • Animateness
    • animate
      • lightning
      • human beings
      • infants
      • large animals
      • medium size animals
      • smaller animals
      • invertebrate animals
      • natural forces (wind, flood, heat, fire, etc.)
      • plants
    • inanimate
      • objects
      • abstractions (hunger, thirst, old age, etc.)
  • Value
    • honored

• On pronouns

  • Person
    • 1st person
      • inclusive plural
      • exclusive plural
    • 2nd person
    • 3rd person
    • 4th person--second third person
    • main person
    • indefinite person

• On verbs

  • Value
    • honored
  • Shape (of exchange and handling verbs)
    • solid roundish
    • slender flexible
    • slender stiff
    • flat flexible
    • animate
    • matter in an open container
    • mushy matter
    • non-compact matter
    • load, pack, burden
    • pourable matter
    • things with a handle or a cord
    • small things with a handle or a cord
    • things on one's back
  • Texture (of food verbs)
    • hard
    • meat
    • roundish
    • leafy-flat
    • mushy
    • liquid
  • Gender
    • masculine
    • feminine
    • neuter
  • Number
    • singular
    • dual
    • trial
    • plural
  • Person
    • 1st person
      • inclusive
      • exclusive
    • 2nd person
    • 3rd person
    • 4th person--second third person
    • main person
    • indefinite person
  • Time/Tense
    • past
    • present
    • future
  • Aspect
    • punctiliar
    • momentaneous
    • continuative
    • repetivive
    • frequentative
    • habituative
    • customary
    • simulfactive
    • inchoative/inceptive
    • cessative
    • completive/perfective
    • incompletive/imperfective
    • augmentative
    • diminutive
    • usitative
    • iterative
    • distributive
    • diversitive
    • reservative
    • transitional
    • conative (?)
    • cursive (?)
  • Voice
    • active
    • passive
    • reflexive
    • reciprocal
    • transitive
    • intransitive
    • causative
    • middle
    • benefactive
    • impersonal
  • Mode/Mood
    • indicative
    • narrative
    • optative
    • desirative/desiderative
    • intentive
    • interrogative
    • negative
    • quotative
    • dubitative
    • potential
    • conditional
    • subjective
    • obligatory
    • imperative
    • permissive
    • causative

• On conjunctions

  • Indefiniteness
  • Direction