v. 2   three kings of Persia        Cambyses, Smerdis, Darius
Hystaspes
       a fourth                     Xerxes (Ahasuerus)
v. 3   a mighty king                Alexander the Great
v. 5   king of the south            Ptolemy I Soter (323-285)
(Egypt)
       one of his princes           Seleucus I Nicator (312-281)
(Syria)
v. 6   daughter of                  Berenice (married in 252
B.C.)
       the king of the south        Ptolemy II Philadelphos (285-
247)
       king of the north            Antiochus II Theos (261-246)
(Syria)
       given up                     Antiochus, Berenice, their
son & her
                                      attendants poisoned by his
1st wife
                                      Laodice
v. 7   branch from her roots        Ptolemy III Euergetes (247-
221)
       king of the north            Seleucus II Callinicus (246-
226)
v. 10  his sons                     Seleucus III Ceraunus (227-
223)
                                      & Antiochus III the Great
(223-187)
v. 11  king of the south            Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-
203)
       king of the north            Antiochus III
       a great multitude            army of Antiochus III
v. 12  cast down tens of thousands  battle of Raphia (217 B.C.)
won by
                                      Egypt
v. 13  some years                   fourteen years
v. 14  king of the south            Ptolemy V Epiphanes (205-181)
v. 15  well-fortified city          Panion, taken by Syria in 198
B.C.
v. 16  the glorious land            Palestine
v. 17  the daughter of women        Cleopatra I, daughter of
Antiochus
                                      III, given in marriage to
Ptolemy V
v. 18  coastlands                   Rhodes, Samos, Colophon,
Phocea
v. 19  a commander                  the Roman consul, Lucius
(Cornelius)
                                      Scipio (Nasica Asiaticus),
who
                                      defeated Antiochus III at
Magnesia
                                      in 190 B.C. with the help
of his
                                      brother, Publius Scipio
Africanus,
                                      the conqueror of Hannibal
v. 19  stumble and fall             killed while looting a temple
near
                                      Susa in 187 B.C.
v. 20  one who shall send           Seleucus IV Philopator (187-
175)
       an exactor of tribute        Heliodorus, his prime
minister
       broken, neither in anger     assassinated by Heliodorus
       nor in battle
v. 21  a contemptible person        Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-
165/4)
       prince of the covenant       the Jewish high priest, Onias
III
v. 25  king of the south            Ptolemy VI Philmetor (181-
145)
v. 28  the holy covenant            the Jewish faith
v. 30  ships of Kittim              ships from Rome, lead by
Marcus
                                      Poplius Laenas
v. 31  profane the temple           sacrifice a pig on the altar
       abomination that makes       image of Zeus Olympios
       desolate
v. 34  a little help                the Maccabees