NOTES: "went to the region of Magedan"
EVIDENCE: D 28 565 ("district") most lat syr(s)
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn ("Magadan") NEBn

NOTES: "went to the district of Magdala"
EVIDENCE: Theta f1 f13 syr(pal)
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn NEBn

COMMENTS: The reading "the region of Magedan" (also spelled "Mageda," "Magedam," "Magada," and "Melegada") is taken from the parallel passage in Matthew 15:39 and the name "Magdala" comes from a variant reading of that passage. The name "Dalmanutha" is found nowhere else and its exacts location is unknown, which accounts for its being changed by copyists.

Mark 8:15:

NOTES: "the leaven of the Herodians."
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁵ W Theta f1 f13 28 565 two lat cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn

COMMENTS: The reading "Herodians" seems to have been invented by copyists influenced by Mark 3:6 and 12:13 who wanted a group name to parallel the group name "Pharisees."

Mark 8:16:

NOTES: "they started reasoning with one another, saying, "[It is] because we have no bread.'"
EVIDENCE: S (omit "saying") A C K L X Delta Theta Pi f13 33 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect three lat vg syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSV NIV NEB TEV ("He says this")

COMMENTS: It change from indirect to direct discourse was perhaps made by copyists under the influence of the parallel in Matthew 16:7 which reads "we took no bread." It was perhaps prompted by the fact that the text reading is in the present tense: "they have." Manuscript D and most of the old latin manuscripts change this to an imperfect tense: "they had."

Mark 8:26:

NOTES: "Do not even enter into the village, nor tell anyone in the village."
EVIDENCE: A C K X Delta Pi 33 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NIVn

NOTES: "Tell no one in the village."
EVIDENCE: one lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEB

COMMENTS: The different manuscripts show seven different readings which are combinations of the three phrases "go to your house" (see Mark 2:11 and 5:19), "do not enter into the village," and "tell no one in the village." The three found in English translations are listed above. While it is possible that the reading given in the text is a reading that was shortened from the first footnote reading in order to avoid redundancy, it is more likely that the footnote reading is a combination of the text reading and its variation "tell no one in the village."

Mark 8:38:

NOTES: "whoever is ashamed of me and of mine"
EVIDENCE: p^45vid W one lat cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: NEB

COMMENTS: The difference in the readings is caused only by the absence of "words" in the footnote reading. The same Greek word can be translated "my" and "mine." Although it is possible that the word "words" was added from the parallel in Luke 9:26, it is much more likely that it was accidently omitted through a mistake of the eye, since the Greek words for "my" and "words" both end in the same letters ("-ous").

Mark 9:24:

NOTES: "the father of the child cried out with tears and"
EVIDENCE: A² C³ D K X Theta Pi f1 f13 33 565 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h,pal) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn

COMMENTS: The words "with tears" seem to have been added by copyists and correctors to heighten the story. There is no good reason why the words would have been omitted if they had been original.

Mark 9:29:

NOTES: "This kind can come out by nothing except by prayer and fasting."
EVIDENCE: p^45vid S^b A C D K L W X Delta Theta Pi Psi f1 f13 28 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(h) syr(s,p,pal) ("fasting and prayer") cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NASVn NIVn NEBn

COMMENTS: Because of the emphasis put on fasting in the early church, there was a tendency for copyists to add a reference to fasting after a reference to prayer.

Mark 9:38:

NOTES: "we saw someone casting out demons in your name who does not follow us"
EVIDENCE: A {D} K {W X} Pi {f1 f13 28 565 700} 1010 {1241} Byz Lect {most lat vg syr(h)} syr(h+)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV RSVn

COMMENTS: The phrase "who does not follow us" seems to have been added from the last part of the verse: "because he was not following us." This last phrase is omitted by those manuscripts that are listed above in braces. In them the phrase was apparently moved to this position and the wording changed slightly.

Mark 9:42:

NOTES: "one of these little ones who believe"
EVIDENCE: S C*(vid) D ("have faith") Delta some lat some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NASV NEB ("have faith")

COMMENTS: The words "in me" are in brackets in the UBS text because they may have been added from the parallel in Matthew 18:6. There is strong manuscript evidence in favor of keeping them, but they are absent from early manuscripts of different kinds of ancient text.

Mark 9:44 & 46:

NOTES: include verses 44 and 46 (both identical to verse 48): "where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched."
EVIDENCE: A D K X Theta Pi f13 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NASVn NIVn NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: Verses 44 and 46 seem to have been added by copyists from verse 48.

Mark 9:49:

NOTES: "everyone will be salted with fire, and every sacrifice will be salted with salt."
EVIDENCE: A C K X Theta Pi Psi 28^c 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect three lat vg syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn

OTHER: "every sacrifice will be salted with salt."
EVIDENCE: D some lat

COMMENTS: In Greek the clauses in question begin with "every" and end with "salted." While it is possible that one or the other of them was accidently omitted through a mistake of the eye, it is more likely that the second clause was added from Leviticus 2:13 as an explanation of the first, perhaps at first in the margin, and from there was either substituted for the first, or added to the text.

Mark 10:2:

NOTES: "And to test him they started asking him"
EVIDENCE: D some lat syr(s)
TRANSLATIONS: NEB

COMMENTS: The words "Pharisees came up" are found in several different word orders, with and without "the." These words may have been added from the parallel in Matthew 19:3. However, since they appear in most manuscripts and none of the various word orders is exactly the same as the parallel in Matthew, they are retained in the UBS text.

Mark 10:7:

NOTES: "a man shall leave his father and mother"
EVIDENCE: S B Psi 892* syr(s)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NASV NIVn NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: The words "and be joined to his wife" are in brackets in the UBS text. Although they might have been added from the source of quotation in Genesis 2:24 and from the parallel passage in Matthew 19:5, it is more likely that they were accidently omitted when copyists' eyes jumped from "and" to "and," because the quotation does not make sense without them.

Mark 10:24:

NOTES: "how difficult it is for those who trust in wealth to enter into the kingdom of God!"
EVIDENCE: A C D K X Theta Pi f1 f13 28 565 700 892 1010 Byz Lect most lat vg syr most cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSVn NASVn NIVn NEBn

OTHER: "how difficult it is for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God!"
EVIDENCE: W one lat

OTHER: "how difficult it is for those who have wealth to enter into the kingdom of God!"
EVIDENCE: 1241

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the omission of "for those who trust in wealth" was due to a mistake of the eye (the Greek words for "is" and "wealth" both end in the same two letters), it is also quite possible that a hard saying of Jesus has been softened by copyists with the addition of a qualifying statement like that found in verse 23. The qualifying statement in manuscript W was taken from verse 25 and that of manuscript 1241 was taken from verse 23.

Mark 10:26:

NOTES: "saying to him, 'Who indeed can be saved?'"
EVIDENCE: S B C Delta Psi 892 cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASV RSV NASV

OTHER: "saying to one another, 'Who indeed can be saved?'"
EVIDENCE: M* some lat syr(p)

COMMENTS: The reading "to him" seems to be a change made by the Alexandrian type of manuscripts, since Jesus answers their question in the next verse.

Mark 10:40:

NOTES: "for whom it has been prepared by my Father."
EVIDENCE: S*^,b Theta f1 1241 two lat some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: The words "by my Father" have been added by some copyists from the parallel passage in Matthew 20:23.

Mark 11:19:

NOTES: "whenever evening came he would go out"
EVIDENCE: S C D X Theta f1 f13 33 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(s,h,pal) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSVn NIVn NEB

COMMENTS: Either some copyists changed the singular to the plural to fit with the next verse, or other copyists changed the plural to the singular to fit with the previous verse. The plural was chosen for the UBS text because the manuscript evidence seems stronger for it. Manuscript L has accidently omitted the verb.

Mark 11:24:

NOTES: "keep believing that ^plyou are receiving [it]"
EVIDENCE: A K X Pi f13 28 33 1010 1241 Byz Lect syr some cop(south) most cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV* RSV1 RSV2n

NOTES: "keep believing that ^plyou will receive [it]"
EVIDENCE: D Theta f1 565 700 lat vg some cop
COMMENTS: The aorist tense (usually translated as a past tense in English) here is used to represent the Semitic prophetic perfect (that is, the use of the perfect tense to refer to a future action in order to express the certainty that it will happen). Copyists who did not understand this Semitic usage of the verb changed it either to a present tense, or, like the parallel in Matthew 21:22, to a future tense.

Mark 11:26:

NOTES: include verse 26: "But if ^plyou do not forgive, neither will ^plyour Father who is in heaven forgive ^plyour trespasses."
EVIDENCE: A C D K X Theta Pi f1 f13 28 33 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat most vg syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NASVn NIVn NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: Although this verse might have been accidently omitted through a mistake of the eye when copyists' eyes jumped from "^plyour trespasses" in verse 25 to "^plyour trespasses" in verse 26, the fact that it is missing from several different kinds of ancient text makes it likely that it was added by copyists who remembered Matthew 6:15. It contains several variations in the manuscripts in which it is found.

Mark 12:23:

NOTES: "In the resurrection to which of them"
EVIDENCE: S B C D L W Delta Psi 33 892 four lat syr(p) cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASV RSV NASVn NIV

COMMENTS: The words "whenever they rise" are in brackets in the UBS text, because they are omitted from early manuscripts of several kinds of ancient text. However, the words are somewhat redundant following "in the resurrection" and it is probable that they were deliberately omitted by copyists to remove this redundancy. They are not found in the parallel passages in Matthew 22:28 and Luke 20:33. The same kind of redundancy is found elsewhere in Mark (see "creation which God created" in Mark 13:19) and is probably original. Some manuscripts of both traditions include the word "Therefore."

Mark 12:36:

NOTES: "I put your enemies [as] a footstool for your feet."
EVIDENCE: S A K L X Delta Theta Pi Psi 092b f1 f13 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect lat vg syr(p,h,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that some copyists changed this passage to read like the parallel in Matthew 22:44 ("underneath"), it is more likely that other copyists changed it to read like the parallel in Luke 20:43 (which is like Acts 2:35 and the Greek Old Testament of Psalm 110:1).

Mark 13:33:

NOTES: "Keep looking out, keep alert, and keep praying; for ^plyou do not know"
EVIDENCE: S A C K L W X Delta Theta Pi Psi f1 f13 28 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr cop(north,south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSVn NIVn NEBn

COMMENTS: The words "and keep praying" seem to be a natural expansion taken perhaps from Mark 14:38. If they had been original, there is no good reason why they would have been omitted.

Mark 14:24:

NOTES: "This is my blood of the new covenant"
EVIDENCE: A K P X Delta Pi f1 f13 28 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr some cop(north) most cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NIVn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the word "new" was accidently omitted due to a mistake of the eye (the Greek words for "the," "new," and "covenant" all end in the same two letters), it is much more likely that it was added here by copyists from the parallel accounts in Luke 22:20 and I Corinthians 11:25.

Mark 14:39:

NOTES: "he went away and prayed."
EVIDENCE: D some lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEB

COMMENTS: It is much more likely that the clause "saying the same words" was omitted by some Western manuscripts than that it was added exactly the same in all different kinds of ancient text, perhaps from Matthew 26:44 (the parallel verse in Matthew is 26:42).

Mark 14:65:

NOTES: "saying to him, 'Prophesy now, Christ! Who is it that struck you?'"
EVIDENCE: W f13
NOTES: "saying to him, 'Prophesy to us, Christ! Who is it that struck you?'"
EVIDENCE: X Delta Theta 33 565 700 892 syr(h,h+) most cop(north) some cop(south)
NOTES: "saying to him, 'Prophesy to us! Who is it that struck you?'"
EVIDENCE: Lect
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn TEV ("Guess who hit you!")

COMMENTS: Several copyists added part or all of the phrases found in the parallel passages of Matthew 26:68 and Luke 22:64.

Mark 14:68:

NOTES: "he went outside into the fore-court."
EVIDENCE: S B L W Psi* 892 one lat syr(s) most cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NASV NIV NEB TEVn

COMMENTS: The words "and a rooster crowed" are in brackets in the UBS text. While it is possible that they were added here by copyists to make the rooster crow twice, it is more likely that they were omitted by other copyists to make the account read like that in Matthew, Luke, and John, especially since three of the manuscripts that omit them (S, L, and latin manuscript c) also omit the reference to two crowings in verses 30 and 72 (manuscript W also omits "twice" in verse 30). If the words had been added by copyists, is would be expected that they would have been added at various places, not at the same place by all copyists..

Mark 15:8:

NOTES: "And the crowd cried [aloud] and began asking"
EVIDENCE: S^b A C K W X Delta Theta Pi Psi f1 f13 28 33 565 700 1010 1241 ("whole crowd") Byz Lect syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NEBn

COMMENTS: The Greek words translated "came up" and "cried [aloud]" are similar: anabas and anaboêsas, respectively. The words "came up" are in the UBS text because they are found in early manuscripts of both the Alexandrian and Western types of ancient text.

Mark 15:28:

NOTES: include verse 28: "·And the scripture was fulfilled which says, 'And he was reckoned with outlaws.'"
EVIDENCE: K L P Delta Theta Pi 0112 f1 f13 28 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz most lat vg syr(p,h,pal) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NASVn NIVn NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: Although the verse might have been accidently omitted when copyists' eyes jumped from the "And" at the beginning of verse 28 to the "And" at the beginning of verse 29, the number of early manuscripts that omit it would indicate that it was more likely added by copyists who remembered Luke 22:37 and Isaiah 53:12. Perhaps it was first written in the margin of early manuscripts.

Mark 15:34:

NOTES: "why have you reproached me?"
EVIDENCE: D three lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: The word "reproached" perhaps was added from verse 32.

Mark 15:39:

NOTES: "saw that he cried out and expired like this"
EVIDENCE: A C D K W X Delta Theta Pi f1 f13 28 33 565 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASVn RSVn NIV NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the word for "cried out" was accidently omitted by an early copyist of the Alexandrian type of text (both "cried out" and "like this" end with the same Greek letter), the word may also have been borrowed from Matthew 27:50, or paraphrased from verse 37. Some of the witnesses (W Theta 565 syr(s) cop(north)) omit "like this."

Mark 15:44:

NOTES: "whether he had already died."
EVIDENCE: B D W Theta lat vg syr(pal) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NASV NIV

OTHER: "whether he had died."
EVIDENCE: syr(s)

COMMENTS: Because the Greek word for "long ago" seemed harsh here, it was apparently changed by some copyists to "already," which they borrowed from the first part of the verse.

Mark 16:1:

NOTES: "And they went and bought spices"
EVIDENCE: D three lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

OTHER: "And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the [mother] of James, and Salome went and bought spices"
EVIDENCE: Theta 565 three lat syr(pal) cop(north)

COMMENTS: The omission of the women's names in manuscript D seems to have been in the interest of simplifying the text (two of them had just been mentioned).

Mark 16:8:

NOTES: omit verses 9 through 20
EVIDENCE: S B 304 2386 most Lect(?) syr(s) one cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV1 RSV2n NASVn NIVn NEBn TEVn

NOTES: include the following plus verses 9 through 20: "But they reported briefly to Peter [and] those around [him] all that they had been told. And after this, Jesus himself also sent out through them, from east even to west, the sacred and imperishable preached message of eternal salvation. Amen."
EVIDENCE: L Psi 099 0112 274margin 579 one Lect syr(h)margin some cop
TRANSLATIONS: RSV2n NASV(ref.ed.) NEB TEV

NOTES: include the reading above and omit verses 9 through 20
EVIDENCE: one lat
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NEBn

COMMENTS: Verses 9 through 20 are in double brackets in the UBS text, which means that the UBS Textual Committee felt that they were not originally written by Mark. Verses 9 through 20 are missing from manuscript 2386 because a leaf is missing from the manuscript at this point. The so-called "short ending" quoted above is obviously not original. It was possibly written to end a manuscript that was missing verses 9 through 20. Verses 9 through 20 are often suspected of having been added to Mark to give it an ending, because it is supposedly written in a different style from the rest of Mark. A close examination of style, however, reveals that it is not so different in style from the rest of Mark as is sometimes claimed. See the Appendix: " The Style of the Long Ending of Mark."

Mark 16:14:

NOTES: "after he had been raised. And they defended [themselves], saying, 'This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan, who does not allow the things under the unclean spirits to attain to the truth [and] power of God. For this [reason] reveal your righteousness right now.' They were saying [this] to Christ and Christ was replying to them, 'The term of years of Satan's authority has been fulfilled, but other terrible things are coming near. And for those having sinned I was delivered to death, so that they may return to the truth and no longer sin, so that they may inherit the spiritual and imperishable glory of righteousness which is in heaven.'"
EVIDENCE: W
TRANSLATIONS (mentioned only, not quoted): RSV2n NEBn COMMENTS: The above addition is found only in manuscript W, although Jerome was familiar with part of it and says that it was found in some manuscripts of his time (the fourth and fifth centuries).

Mark 16:17:

NOTES: "they will speak with tongues"
EVIDENCE: C* L Delta Psi most cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn

COMMENTS: The word "new" was possibly accidently omitted by a mistake of the eye, when copyists eyes jumped from the beginning of the Greek word for "new" to the next word "and." The Greek word for "new" begins with the letters that spell the Greek word for "and."

Mark 16:18:

NOTES: "they will pick up snakes"
EVIDENCE: A D(supp) K W Theta Pi f13 28 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSV NASV NEB TEV

COMMENTS: The words "and in [their] hands" are in brackets in the UBS text, which follows the Alexandrian witnesses, even though they may have been added because of the reference to Paul's hand in Acts 28:3-6.

Mark 16:20:

NOTES: "the signs that followed. Amen."
EVIDENCE: C*(vid) D(supp) K L W X Delta Theta Pi(supp) Psi f13 28 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect three lat earlier vg most cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV ASV RSV NASVn

COMMENTS: It was usual for copyists to add "Amen" to the end of a book.