NOTES: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* Theta 28^c syr(pal)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NRSV1989n NRSV2021 ESVn NASVn NIVn NEBn REBn TEVn CSBn

OTHER: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus."
EVIDENCE: 28*

OTHER: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Lord."
EVIDENCE: 1241

COMMENTS: The words "the Son of God" are in brackets in the UBS text. Some of the evidence listed above for this reading has "Son of the God." While it is possible that the words were added by copyists, it is more likely that they are original and were accidently omitted when copyists' eyes jumped from the word "Christ" to "God," both of which have the same ending in Greek.

Mark 1:2:

NOTES: "Just as it is written in the prophets"
EVIDENCE: A K P W Pi ƒ¹³ 28 1010 Byz Lect syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn CSBn

COMMENTS: The quotation in verses 2 and 3 is from two scriptures: the first part is from Malachi 3:1 and the second part is from Isaiah 40:3. Thus it is likely that copyists changed the reference to make it more general. The reading in the text is found in several types of ancient text.

Mark 1:2:

NOTES: "who will prepare your way before you"
EVIDENCE: A Gamma Delta ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 700^c 892 1010 1241 Byz some lat syr(h) some cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "before you" were apparently added by scribes from the quotation in Matthew 11:10. They are missing from early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Mark 1:4:

NOTES: "[so] John the baptizer came in the wilderness, preaching"
EVIDENCE: B 33 892 some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: RSV NRSV NASV NEB REB TEVn CSBn

NOTES: "[so] John came, baptizing in the wilderness and preaching"
EVIDENCE: A D K P W Theta Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 565 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect lat vg syr cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSVn NRSVn ESV NIV TEV CSB

COMMENTS: The differences above are actually created by the inclusion and omission of two small words: "the" and "and." The same Greek phrase is translated "who was baptizing" and "the baptizer." The definite article (translated "who was" or "the") is in brackets in the UBS text. It is included here because it is found in several early manuscripts, but it may have been added to make a title following John's name. The evidence supporting the omission of "who was" is found in two different word orders. The word "and" is missing from manuscripts where copyists understood "the baptizer" as a title.

Mark 1:14:

NOTES: "Jesus came to Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God"
EVIDENCE: A D K W Gamma Delta 28^c 700 1241 Byz most lat syr(p) some cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSVn CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "of the kingdom" seem to have been added from verse 15. There doesn't seem to be any good reason why copyists would have omitted them.

Mark 1:27:

NOTES: "What is this? What is this new teaching? because with authority he even commands"
EVIDENCE: (A) C K Gamma Delta Pi (ƒ¹³) 28^c 892 1241 Byz most lat syr(p,h,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: There are at least nine major variations of this text plus some minor ones. And with a change in punctuation the text reading can be translated "What is this? A new teaching! With authority he even commands" as the ASV, RSV, NRSVn and TEV render it. No punctuation marks are found in the original text. The evidence in parentheses contains minor variations. The text reading is the shorter one and copyists were more likely to add than omit unless there was a mistake of the eye. The additions may come from the parallel passage in Luke 4:36.

Mark 1:29:

NOTES: "immediately he went out of the synagogue"
EVIDENCE: B D W Theta ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 565 700 lat some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSVn ESV NASVn

COMMENTS: It appears that the plural verbs have been changed to singular to make the passage read like the parallel passages in Matthew 8:14 and Luke 4:38. There are no independent pronouns in the Greek in this passage, but the pronouns are bound up in the verbs.

Mark 1:31:

NOTES: "immediately the fever left her"
EVIDENCE: A (D) K Gamma Delta 0130 ƒ¹³ 1241 Byz (most lat) syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: If the word "immediately" were original, there seems to be no good reason for copyists to omit it. It appears to be added from verses 29 and 30.

Mark 1:34:

NOTES: "because they knew him to be the Christ."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c B C L W Theta ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33^vid 565 700 892 1241 most Lect one lat syr(h+) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NASVn

COMMENTS: The addition "to be the Christ" is found in five different word orders, and seems to have been added here by copyists from Luke 4:41.

Mark 1:40:

NOTES: "and said to him"
EVIDENCE: B D W some Lect most lat cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSVn CSBn

NOTES: "and kneeling to him said to him"
EVIDENCE: A C K Delta Pi 090 ƒ¹³ 28 33 700 1010 Byz most Lect syr(h,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV NASV95 NEB REB

COMMENTS: Since in the Greek the word for "and" is found both before and after "kneeling," it is possible that the omission of "kneeling" or "kneeling to him" happened accidently when copyists' eyes jumped from "and" to "and."

Mark 1:41:

NOTES: "And being angry, he stretched out [his] hand"
EVIDENCE: D four lat
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn NEB REB TEVn CSBn

NOTES: "And he stretched out [his] hand"
EVIDENCE: one lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: It is easier to see why copyists might have changed "being angry" to "moved with pity" than to see why they would have changed "moved with pity" to "being angry." However, the evidence for "moved with pity" is so much stronger that it is retained in the text.

Mark 2:4:

NOTES: "they could not come near him"
EVIDENCE: A C D K Delta Pi 090 ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 565 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV ESV NEB REB CSBn

NOTES: "they could not come to him"
EVIDENCE: W
TRANSLATIONS: -

COMMENTS: Perhaps the fact that a direct object ("him" or "the man") is missing caused copyists to change "bring to" to "come near" or "come to."

Mark 2:16:

NOTES: "when the scribes and the Pharisees saw"
EVIDENCE: A C D K Theta Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h) cop(south) {cop(north)}
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn CSBn

COMMENTS: It seems that many copyists changed the rare phrase "scribes of the Pharisees" to the common one "scribes and the Pharisees." The evidence listed in braces above adds an extra "and" and punctuates differently so as to make verses 15 and 16 read either ". . . there were many. And also the scribes of the Pharisees were following him. And they saw . . ." or ". . . there were many. And the scribes and the Pharisees were following him, and they saw . . . ."

Mark 2:16:

NOTES: "Does he eat and drink with tax collectors and sinners?"
EVIDENCE: A K Pi ƒ¹ 28 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect one lat syr(p,h,pal) {C L Delta ƒ¹³ three lat vg cop}
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSVn NRSVn ESVn NASV95 CSBn

COMMENTS: It is more likely that "and drink" was added by copyists from the parallel in Luke 5:30 than that it was omitted because it was missing from the parallel in Matthew 9:11. Some of the evidence supporting the inclusion of "and drink" also changes the subject to "^plyou," as in Luke 5:30. The evidence given above in braces makes the subject "^plyour teacher," which was added by copyists from the parallel in Matthew 9:11.

Mark 2:18:

NOTES: "And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees"
EVIDENCE: L W Gamma Delta ƒ¹ 28 33 700 892 Byz few lat some cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The change of "the Pharisees" from subject (nominative) to possessive (genitive) form was apparently done to match the latter part of the verb. Early manuscripts of multiple text types have the subject form. Manuscript W also adds the word "disciples" from the latter part of the verse to read "disciples of the Pharisees."

Mark 2:22:

NOTES: "and [so are] the wineskins." EVIDENCE: D some lat
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn NRSVn ESVn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the phrase missing from a few manuscripts was added from the parallel passages in Matthew 9:17 and Luke 5:38, the evidence is very strong that it was originally present. The reason for its omission is not clear, although it might have been accidently omitted because of the repetition of "wine" and "wineskins," but this was not a usual mistake of the eye, for these words have different endings in the two phrases. Most of the evidence listed above adds a verb, either "must be put," as in Luke 5:38, or "they put," as in Matthew 9:17. Only manuscripts Aleph(א)* and B omit the verb here and rely on the verb at the beginning of the verse.

Mark 2:26:

NOTES: "he entered into the house of God, and ate"
EVIDENCE: D W 1009 1546* some lat syr(s) some syr(pal)
TRANSLATIONS: -

NOTES: "he entered into the house of God in [the time of] Abiathar the high priest, and ate"
EVIDENCE: A C Theta Pi 074 ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 700 1241 most Lect cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn ESV? NIV? NEB? REB? TEV? CSB?

OTHER: "he entered into the house of God in [the time of] Abiathar the priest, and ate"
EVIDENCE: Delta one lat

COMMENTS: The problem here revolves around the fact that Abiathar was not high priest at the time that David took the bread. His father, Ahimelech, was then high priest, and it was only later that Abiathar became high priest. The Greek idiom most naturally means "during the time that Abiathar was high priest." For this reason some copyists omitted the phrase. However, the phrase may have two other meanings: First, it may be that Jesus just mentions Abiathar with the highest title that he wore, thus meaning "in the time of Abiathar, who became high priest." The addition of "the" before "high priest" which some manuscripts have would make this meaning more possible in Greek. Second, it is also possible to translate the idiom "in [the passage about] Abiathar [the] high priest," as is found in Mark 12:26: "in [the passage about] the bush." A number of modern translations do not mark added words such as "the," making their underlying Greek text difficult to ascertain.

Mark 3:14:

NOTES: "he appointed twelve, so that"
EVIDENCE: A C² D K L P Pi ƒ¹ 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect lat vg most syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSV1989n NRSV2021 NASV NIV84n NIV2011 NEB REB CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "whom he also named apostles" are in brackets in the UBS text. Although they are contained by several early manuscripts and thus retained in the text, they may have been added by copyists from the parallel passage in Luke 6:13.

Mark 3:15:

NOTES: "and to have authority to cure diseases and to cast out demons"
EVIDENCE: A C² D K P W Gamma Theta ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 700 1241 Byz (lat) syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "to cure diseases and" are apparently added from Matthew 10:1 although the parallel is not exact.

Mark 3:16:

NOTES: "demons: •even Simon, [to whom] he"
EVIDENCE: A C² D K L P Theta Pi ƒ¹ 28 33 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn CSBn

OTHER: "demons: •first Simon, and to Simon he"
EVIDENCE: ƒ¹³ cop(south)

COMMENTS: The words "and he appointed the twelve" are in brackets in the UBS text. The words may have been added from the beginning of verse 14, either accidently when a copyist's eye jumped back to the wrong place, or deliberately, in order to smooth out the verse. On the other hand, since the same Greek word is translated both "and" and "even," it is possible that these words were accidently omitted when copyists' eyes skipped from "and" to "even."

Mark 3:22:

NOTES: "He has [the demon] Beezebul"
EVIDENCE: B
TRANSLATIONS: NASVn NIV84n

NOTES: "He has [the demon] Beelzebub"
EVIDENCE: most vg syr(s,p)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV* NASVn NIV84 NEB

COMMENTS: "Beelzebul" is the Greek spelling of the Hebrew word "Baal-Zebub," which means "lord of flies." It has passed through Latin into English as Beelzebub. It is used in the New Testament to refer to the devil.

Mark 3:29:

NOTES: "whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is liable of an eternal judgment"
EVIDENCE: A C² K Gamma ƒ¹ 700 892^c 1241 Byz some lat syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The same Greek word can be translated either "guilty" or "liable." The evidence in braces has a more common spelling for "sin" than that found in the oldest manuscripts. The reading "sin" is found in early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Mark 3:32:

NOTES: "your mother and your brothers are outside"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) B C K L W Delta Theta Pi 074 ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 892 1241 Byz Lect some lat vg syr(s,p,h) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSV1989n NRSV2021 ESV NASV NIV NEB REB CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "and your sisters" are in brackets in the UBS text, because they are omitted in so many manuscripts. While it is possible that they were added by copyists as a natural addition from verse 35, it is also possible that they were omitted accidently, when copyists' eyes jumped from "your" to "your" ("your" follows "brothers" and "sisters" in Greek).

Mark 4:12:

NOTES: "the sins should be forgiven them."
EVIDENCE: A D K {Delta} Theta ƒ¹³ 28^c 33 565 {700} 892^c {1241} Byz most lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: It is likely that "the sins" was added by copyists for clarity because the clause is missing a definite subject. However, the subject added is plural while the verb calls for a singular subject. A number of English translation omit the awkward "them." The evidence in braces reads "their sins."

Mark 4:15:

NOTES: "Satan immediately comes and takes away the word which has been sown in their hearts"
EVIDENCE: D K Theta 33 565 700 1241 Byz lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

OTHER: "Satan immediately comes and takes away the word which has been sown from their hearts"
EVIDENCE: A

COMMENTS: The expansion about hearts seems to have been taken from the parallels in Matthew 13:19 and Luke 8:12.

Mark 4:40:

NOTES: "Why are ^plyou cowardly like this? How [is it that] ^plyou do not have faith?"
EVIDENCE: A C K Pi 33 1010 1241 Byz Lect one lat syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NASV73

NOTES: "Why are ^plyou cowardly like this? Do ^plyou not yet have faith?"
EVIDENCE: p^45vid ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 (omit "are") 892^margin
TRANSLATIONS: ESV NIV [NEB REB ("such cowards")]

COMMENTS: The reading in the text is found in early manuscripts of several different types of ancient text.

Mark 5:1:

NOTES: "to the country of the Gergesenes."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c L Delta Theta ƒ¹ 28 33 565 700 892 1241 Lect syr(s) syr(h)margin cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn NRSVn ESVn NIVn CSBn

NOTES: "to the country of the Gadarenes."
EVIDENCE: A C K Pi ƒ¹³ 1010 Byz syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSVn NRSVn ESVn NIVn CSBn

COMMENTS: Gerasa, Gadara, and Gergesa were all cities of the region called Decapolis, so each reading would refer to the same country. Gerasa was the largest city, most likely to be known by Gentiles; Gadara was the closest to the Sea of Galilee, most likely to be known by Jews. It seems most likely that "Gerasenes" was original here and in Luke 8:26, 37, while "Gadarenes" was original in Matthew 8:28. The reading "Gergesenes" seems to have been proposed by Origen and added to manuscripts under his influence.

Mark 5:12:

NOTES: "all the demons appealed to him"
EVIDENCE: A {D K} Theta 33 565 700 1241 Byz
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The phrase "all the demons" seems to have been added by copyists for clarification of the subject. The evidence in braces omits the word "all." The translations with question marks do not mark added words.

Mark 5:14:

NOTES: "those who fed the pigs fled"
EVIDENCE: A Pi Byz syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NIV? TEV? CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "the pigs" were apparently substituted for "them" for clarification. The text is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Mark 5:21:

NOTES: "when Jesus had crossed again to the other side"
EVIDENCE: p^45vid D Theta ƒ¹ 28 565 700 most old lat syr(s)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "in the boat" are in brackets in the UBS text. Although there would be no good reason to omit the words and the word order is different in different manuscripts, the presence of the words in early manuscripts and the majority of manuscripts would seem to indicate that they are original.

Mark 5:36:

NOTES: "But hearing what was being spoken"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^a A C D K Theta Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 700 892^c 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSVn NRSVn ESVn

COMMENTS: The Greek word translated "overhearing" above can also be translated "ignoring." It is possible that this ambiguity caused copyists to replace it with the simple word "hearing" found in the parallel in Luke 8:50.

Mark 6:2:

NOTES: "and the many who heard [him] were astonished"
EVIDENCE: B L ƒ¹³ 28 892
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NASV NEB REB TEV?

COMMENTS: All but a few Greek manuscripts leave out the word "the." The translations cannot be used as evidence for the presence or absence of the definite article.

Mark 6:3:

NOTES: "Is not this the son of the carpenter and Mary"
EVIDENCE: p^45vid ƒ¹³ 33^vid 565 700 a few Lect some lat some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn NEBn REBn

OTHER: "Is not this the son of Mary"
EVIDENCE: syr(pal)

COMMENTS: Some copyists changed the text to be like the parallel in Matthew 13:55, probably in order to reduce the ridicule from pagans for following a lowly "carpenter."

Mark 6:11:

NOTES: "for a testimony against them. Truly, I say to †you, it will be more tolerable in the day of judgment for Sodom and Gomorrah than for that city."
EVIDENCE: A K N ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28^margin 33 700 892^c 1241 Byz some lat syr{p,h} some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: Apparently the extra words have been added from the parallel in Matthew 10:15. They are missing from early manuscripts in multiple text types.

Mark 6:14:

NOTES: "And he was saying"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A C K L Delta Theta Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSVn NRSVn ESVn NIVn NEBn REBn CSBn

COMMENTS: While it is possible that copyists changed the singular to the plural because of the plurals in verse 15, it more likely that the singular verbs in verses 14 and 16 influenced them to change the plural to the singular. The difference in spelling is one vowel.

Mark 6:20:

NOTES: "he was doing many things"
EVIDENCE: A C D K Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 28 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect lat vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn RSVn NRSVn NIVn CSBn

COMMENTS: While it has been suggested that the reading "perplexed" was taken from Luke 9:7 where it is said that Herod was very perplexed or puzzled regarding what he heard about Jesus, the fact that Luke 9:7 contains a different form of the same root word in a different context makes this not likely. This more meaningful reading is found in the UBS text because it is found in early manuscripts of both the Alexandrian and Caesarean types of ancient text.

Mark 6:22:

NOTES: "the daughter of Herodias herself came in"
EVIDENCE: A C K W Theta Pi ƒ¹³ 28 33 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV NRSVn NASV CSB

NOTES: "the daughter of Herodias came in"
EVIDENCE: ƒ¹ some lat syr(s,p,pal) cop
TRANSLATIONS: RSV ESV NIV NEB REB TEV

COMMENTS: The phrase translated "his [step-]daughter by Herodias" (literally, "his daughter of Herodias") can also be translated "his daughter Herodias." It is probably more natural to read it this way. Since Herodias was the wife's name and Josephus gives the daughters' name as Salome, it was natural for copyists to change "his" to "herself" or to omit it altogether in order to avoid what might be taken as a mistake in the Bible. It is probable that the omission of "herself" in the RSV, ESV, NIV, NEB, REB, and TEV is more due to making a smooth translation than following a suspect text. It is possible to translate the step-daughter's name as Herodias which the NRSV and CSBn does.

Mark 6:23:

NOTES: "he swore to her"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A B C^2vid E F G H K {L} N Delta Pi Sigma (ƒ¹) ƒ¹³ 33 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect some lat vg syr(s,p,h) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSV2021 ESV NASV NIV NEB REB CSB

COMMENTS: The word translated "earnestly" is literally "much"; it is in brackets in the UBS text due to the number of manuscripts that omit it. The evidence in braces omits "to her." Family 1 moves "he swore to her" to the end of the verse. The UBS committee felt that the word "earnestly" of "much" was probably omitted due to a mistake of the eye.

Mark 6:33:

NOTES: "and got [there] ahead of them and came together to him"
EVIDENCE: p^84vid A K (N) Gamma ƒ¹³ Byz two lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

OTHER: "and came [there] to them"
EVIDENCE: {L} Delta Theta {1241}

OTHER: "and came together to him"
EVIDENCE: D 28 700 one lat

OTHER: "and came to him"
EVIDENCE: (ƒ¹) 565 old lat

COMMENTS: The reading in the notes is apparently a combination of the Alexandrian reading in the text and the Western reading of manuscript D. There is only a one letter difference between "got [there] ahead" and "came [there] to." Manuscript W omits all of these readings.

Mark 6:51:

NOTES: "they were very greatly astounded within themselves and marveled, •for"
EVIDENCE: A D K W X Theta Pi ƒ¹³ 33 565 700 1010 1241 Byz Lect most lat syr(h) {syr(p)-"marveled and were astounded"}
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV

OTHER: "they were very greatly astonished within themselves, •for"
EVIDENCE: ƒ¹

COMMENTS: The addition of "and marveled" seems to be a heightening of the story by copyists using the same combination of words found in Acts 2:7

Mark 7:3:

NOTES: "unless they wash [their] hands"
EVIDENCE: Delta syr(s) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: RSV NRSV2021 NEB REB

NOTES: "unless they frequently wash [their] hands"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) W three lat vg syr(p,h) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NEBn REBn

COMMENTS: The word translated "ceremonially" literally means "with a fist." Since the exact ceremony referred to is unknown, some copyists omitted the word while others replaced it with a word that makes more sense.

Mark 7:4:

NOTES: "they do not eat unless they sprinkle [themselves]"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) B cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSVn ESVn NASV95 NASV2020n

COMMENTS: The word "immerse" seems to have been changed to "sprinkle" by copyists who had difficulty imagining that the Pharisees took a full bath after coming from the market place. The footnote reading can also be translated: "and they do not eat [anything] from the market place unless they sprinkle [it]" (see RSV 2nd edition footnote, which is not in fact a textual footnote, but a translational one).

Mark 7:4:

NOTES: "the immersings of cups and pots and copper vessels."
EVIDENCE: p^45vid Aleph(א) B L Delta 28* one Lect cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASV RSV NRSV1989 NRSV2021n ESVn NASV NIV NEB REB TEVn CSBn

OTHER: "the immersings of cups and pots"
EVIDENCE: syr(s)

COMMENTS: The words "and cots" are in brackets in the UBS text because they are absent from several early manuscripts. It has been suggested that they were added from Leviticus 15, but it is much more likely that they were omitted either accidently by a mistake of the eye (the Greek words for "copper vessels" and "cots" both end in the same letters) or deliberately by copyists who had trouble imagining the immersings of cots by the Pharisees.

Mark 7:5:

NOTES: "eat [their] bread with unwashed hands"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² A K L Gamma Delta 892 1241 Byz old lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

OTHER: "eat [their] bread with defiled and unwashed hands"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁵ ƒ¹³
COMMENTS: The word "unwashed" was apparently taken from verse 2. The text reading "defiled" (literally, "common") is found in early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Mark 7:8:

NOTES: "are holding to the tradition of men, immersings of pots and cups and ^plyou do many other such things like [this]"
EVIDENCE: A {D} (K) {Theta 0131^vid} ƒ¹³ {28} 33 {565} 700 892 (1241) Byz lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The extra words are apparently taken from verses 4 and 13. The evidence in braces has the extra words at the beginning of verse 8 rather than at the end. The early manuscripts that have the extra words show a number of variations and omissions of words.

Mark 7:9:

NOTES: "so that ^plyou may keep ^plyour tradition!"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A B K L X Delta Pi ƒ¹³ 33 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect two lat vg syr(h) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSV NASV NIV NEB REB TEV? CSBn

COMMENTS: The UBS committee had a difficult time deciding between these two readings, but finally decided that the phrase "the commandment of God" might have caused copyists to substitute the word "keep" for "establish." Most English translators, on the other hand, seem to feel that the reading "keep" has stronger manuscript evidence.

Mark 7:16:

NOTES: include verse 16: "If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear."
EVIDENCE: A D K W X Delta^c Theta Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 Byz some Lect lat vg syr most cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn NASV73n NASV95 (in brackets) NASV2020n NIVn NEBn REBn TEVn CSBn

COMMENTS: Verse 16 is missing from several important manuscripts. It may have been added here from Mark 4:9 or 4:23.

Mark 7:19:

NOTES: "it makes all foods clean"
EVIDENCE: K P 33 700 1010 some Byz Lect
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The difference in the two readings is between the masculine form in the text and the neuter form in the notes, making the subject to either refer to Jesus or the food that enters the mouth. The Western reading (D lat) is ambiguous between the two subjects. The text reading has much earlier support.

Mark 7:24:

NOTES: "went away into the region of Tyre and Sidon."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A B K X Pi ƒ¹ ƒ¹³ 33 700 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect some lat vg syr(p,h) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn ESV NASVn NIVn CSBn

COMMENTS: Although the words "and Sidon" might have been deleted here by copyists who saw that verse 31 says Jesus left the region of Tyre and went through Sidon, it is more likely that they were added here from the parallel verse in Matthew 15:21.

Mark 7:28:

NOTES: "she answered by saying to him, 'Yes, Lord'"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A B K L X Delta Pi ƒ¹ 28 33 892 1010 1241 Byz Lect some lat vg syr(p,h,pal) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn ESV NASV NIV84

COMMENTS: It is likely that the word "yes" was added here by copyists from the parallel in Matthew 15:27. The word "yes" occurs nowhere else in Mark.