NOTES: "And I do not suppose ^plyou to be ignorant"
EVIDENCE: D* G three lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: The reading in the text in found in early manuscripts of several kinds of ancient text. The reading in the notes is found only in a few Western manuscripts.

Romans 1:16:

NOTES: "I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ"
EVIDENCE: D² K L P Psi 104 630 1241 Maj
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The addition of the phrase "of Christ" in later manuscript is the sort of clarification that copyists often made.

Romans 1:29:

NOTES: "all kinds of unrighteousness, sexual immorality, greed"
EVIDENCE: {D(supp)* G} P {three lat}
TRANSLATIONS: none

NOTES: "all kinds of unrighteousness, sexual immorality, wickedness, greed"
EVIDENCE: L Psi {104} 614 630 1241 2495 Byz Lect {four lat? vg? syr(p)} syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

NOTES: "all kinds of unrighteousness, greed"
EVIDENCE: K
TRANSLATIONS: none

COMMENTS: The manuscripts listed in braces include the words in a different word order. The Greek words for "wickedness" (PONHRIA) and "sexual immorality" (PORNEIA) are spelled almost alike. Although it is possible that this caused copyists to accidently omit "sexual immorality" through a mistake of the eye, it is more likely that "wickedness" was misread as "sexual immorality" and then other copyists combined the two readings into one.

Romans 1:31:

NOTES: "uncomprehending, agreement-breakers, without family affection, irreconcilable, unmerciful"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² C D² K L P Psi (33) 81 104 630 1241 1881 Maj vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The word "irreconcilable" was apparently added by copyists from a similar list in 2 Timothy 3:3. It is missing from early manuscripts of both the Alexandrian and Western text types.

Romans 2:2:

NOTES: "For we know that the judgment of God"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) C 33 five lat vg most cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn

OTHER: "We know that the judgment of God"
EVIDENCE: 1906
TRANSLATIONS: RSV NRSV1989 ESV NEB REB TEV CSB?

COMMENTS: Paul often wrote "For we know" (see Rom. 7:14, 18; 8:22; 2 Cor. 5:1; 9:2; Philp. 1:19). Apparently, some copyists replaced the text reading with the more familiar phrase. The text reading has better manuscript support. The same Greek word can be translated "now," "and," or "but." Some versions of the CSB have "Now" and others omit it.

Romans 2:17:

NOTES: "Look, you wear the name Jew"
EVIDENCE: D² L 33 1739 1881 Maj syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: There is only one letter difference between the two readings. The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types. The Greek word in the text reading can be translated either "But" or "Now."

Romans 3:7:

NOTES: "For if by my falsehood"
EVIDENCE: B D G K P Psi 33 104 614 630 1241 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn

OTHER: "Someone might argue, 'If my falsehood'"
EVIDENCE: none
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021 NIV

COMMENTS: The UBS Textual Committee felt that Paul's argument requires a parallel between verses 5 and 7 that is given by the reading "But."

Romans 3:22:

NOTES: "for all and on all those who believe."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c D G K 33 614 1241 2495 Byz Lect most lat later vg syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn

OTHER: "on all those who believe."
EVIDENCE: one lat earlier vg

COMMENTS: An early Latin translation of "for all" (or "to all," as it can be translated) was "on all." The reading in the notes is a combination of these two readings.

Romans 3:28:

NOTES: "Therefore we reckon that a man"
EVIDENCE: B C D^c K P 33 104 614 1241 2495 Byz syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV NASVn

OTHER: "We reckon that a man"
EVIDENCE: Lect

COMMENTS: The context seems to favor "For" rather than "Therefore," since verse 28 gives a reason for the argument, not a conclusion from it. Perhaps "Therefore" was introduced when copyists took "we reckon" to mean "we infer" rather than "we consider." Verse 28 begins a new lesson in the Greek lectionaries which accounts for their omission of a conjunction.

Romans 4:1:

NOTES: "What then shall we say about Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh?"
EVIDENCE: B 1739 ("father")
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSVn ESVn NEB REB

NOTES: "What then shall we say that Abraham, our father, has found according to the flesh?"
EVIDENCE: K P 33 104 614 630 1241 1881 2495 Byz Lect syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV

COMMENTS: The evidence for the text that is in braces reads "father" instead of "forefather." The word for "has found" was perhaps accidently omitted because the word before it begins with the same letter. Although it is possible that its omission from two manuscripts and that fact that it is found in two different places in the others means that it was not original, it is not the sort of word that a copyist was likely to add. The rare word "forefather" (found only here in the New Testament) was changed to the much more common word "father" (used of Abraham in Luke 16:24, 30; John 8:53; Acts 7:2; and Romans 4:12). The second reading in the notes can be translated like the text reading.

Romans 4:19:

NOTES: "And since he did not weaken in faith, he did not consider his [own] body"
EVIDENCE: D G K P Psi 33 104 630 1241 1881 2495 Byz Lect most lat later vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The difference in the readings are the omission and the inclusion of the word "not." Both readings make good sense. The text reading means that he was so strong in his faith that he could think about his bodily weaknesses and the reading in the notes means that he was so strong in his faith that he didn't have to think about his bodily weaknesses. The reading in the notes seems to be of later Western origins.

Romans 4:19:

NOTES: "his [own] body, which was as good as dead"
EVIDENCE: B G 630 1739 1881 most lat vg most syr cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSV1989n NRSV2021 ESV NIV NEB REB

COMMENTS: The Greek word for "already" is in brackets in the UBS text. Although it is possible that it might have been added by copyists to heighten the account, the manuscript evidence would seem to indicate that it was original.

Romans 5:1:

NOTES: "since we are declared righteous by faith, let us have peace with God"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* A B* C D K 33 81 630 1175 some Byz most lat most vg syr(p,pal) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn NASVn NIVn NEB REBn TEVn CSBn

COMMENTS: The difference between the two readings is that between a short "o" and a long "o." The variation probably arose due to a mistake of the ear. The UBS Textual Committee judged that the statement "we have peace" is more appropriate here than the exhortation "let us have peace." However, the reading in the notes is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Romans 5:2:

NOTES: "we also have obtained access to this grace"
EVIDENCE: B D G 0220 four lat cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSV1989 ESVn NEB REB CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "by faith" are enclosed in brackets in the UBS text. Although it is possible that they were added by copyists, it is also possible that they were omitted by copyists as redundant following verse 1. The reading "in faith" seems to be due to a mistake of the eye. The Greek word for "we have obtained" which is found right before "faith" ends in the same two letters that spell the Greek word for "in." Apparently copyists saw these letters twice, once as the end of the word and once as the word "in."

Romans 5:17:

NOTES: "the abundance of grace and of righteousness"
EVIDENCE: B cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn

OTHER: "the abundance of grace and the gift of righteousness"
EVIDENCE: 88 104 1984 1985
TRANSLATIONS: RSV? NRSV1989? ESV? TEV? CSB?

OTHER: "the abundance of grace and of the gift and of righteousness"
EVIDENCE: Psi 0221 2495 most lat vg syr(p,h)

COMMENTS: The stacking of genitives (that is, possessives) caused copyists to change the genitive "of the gift" to the accusative "the gift" or to add "and" or to omit "of the gift." Some English translations have an ambiguous rendering.

Romans 6:11:

NOTES: "keep considering ^plyourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord"
EVIDENCE: p^94vid Aleph(א) C K L P 33 81 104 1241 1739^c 1881 Byz Lect one lat later vg syr(p) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: Copyists often expanded the titles of Jesus. This expansion may have come from verse 23.

Romans 6:12:

NOTES: "for ^plyou to be obeying it in its desires"
EVIDENCE: C³ K L P Psi 33 104 614 1241 2495 Byz Lect syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

NOTES: "for ^plyou to be obeying it"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ D F G some lat

COMMENTS: The reading in the notes appears to be a conflation of the Western reading "it" and the reading in the text, which is supported by Alexandrian plus Latin Western manuscripts.

Romans 7:23:

NOTES: "making me captive to the law of sin"
EVIDENCE: A C 81 104 614 630 1241 1739 2495 some Byz
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn RSV NRSV ESV TEV CSB

COMMENTS: The difference in the two readings is the inclusion or omission of the Greek word for "in." The preposition "to" is implied by the case of the word "law." It is possible that "in" was omitted to make a parallel with "at war with the law of my mind" where the preposition "with" is also implied.

Romans 7:25:

NOTES: "I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord!"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* A K P 614 630 1241 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV NRSV2021n

OTHER: "The grace of God through Jesus Christ our Lord!"
EVIDENCE: D G ("of the Lord") lat (two "of the Lord") vg

COMMENTS: The evidence and translations listed above in braces omit the word "But." The same Greek word can be translated either "thanks" or "grace," depending on context. By changing "to God" to "of God" or "of the Lord" copyists gave the word the meaning "grace" and provided an answer to the previous question. The reading "I thank" may have arisen through a mistake of the eye, when copyists saw several letters twice. Thus TOUTOUCHARISTOTHEO may have been read as TOUTOUEUCHARISTOTOTHEO. The original reading of manuscript C is unreadable through Romans 8:3.

Romans 8:1:

NOTES: "no condemnation for those who in Christ Jesus walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c D^c K P 33 104 614 630 1241 2495 Byz Lect two lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ESVn NIV84n CSBn

NOTES: "no condemnation for those who in Christ Jesus walk not according to the flesh."
EVIDENCE: A D^b Psi 81 most lat vg syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: none

COMMENTS: The additional words seem to have been added in two stages from verse 4.

Romans 8:2:

NOTES: "in Christ Jesus has set me free"
EVIDENCE: A D K P 81 104 614 630 1241 1739^c 1881 2495 Byz Lect five lat vg syr(h) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn ESVn NASV73n NIV84 NIV2011n TEV CSBn

NOTES: "in Christ Jesus has set us free"
EVIDENCE: Psi syr(pal) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn TEVn

COMMENTS: The reading "us" is a combination of "me" and "you." Since Paul uses the first person often in chapter seven, copyists would have been much more likely to change a singular "you" to "me" than vice versa.

Romans 8:11:

NOTES: "the One who raised the Christ from the dead"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² K L P Psi 33 614 1241 2495 Byz Lect some lat cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn

NOTES: "the One who raised Christ Jesus from the dead"
EVIDENCE: {Aleph(א)* A} D* {630 1739 1881} cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASV RSV ESV NRSV1989n NRSV2021 NASV NEB REB

NOTES: "the One who raised Jesus Christ from the dead"
EVIDENCE: {C 81} 104 most lat syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn

COMMENTS: The evidence in braces places "from the dead" before "Christ Jesus" or "Jesus Christ." The name "Jesus" was probably added to "Christ" from the previous part of the verse. Copyists often expanded "Jesus" or "Christ."

Romans 8:11:

NOTES: "give life to ^plyour mortal bodies also because of his Spirit"
EVIDENCE: B D G K P* Psi 33 614 630 1241 1739 1881 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSVn NRSVn NIV2011 CSBn

COMMENTS: The same preposition is translated "through" when used with the genitive case (as in the text reading) and "because of" when used with the accusative case (as in the reading in the notes). The UBS Textual Committee felt that the evidence was slightly stronger for the genitive.

Romans 8:21:

NOTES: "subjected [it] in hope; •because even the creation"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) D* G syr(h,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: RSV? NASVn?

COMMENTS: The text reading can be translated as the reading in the notes, using "because." However, the reading in the notes must be translated using "because." The reading in the notes apparently arose through a mistake of the eye, when the last two letters of hope were seen twice (ELPIDIOTI was read as ELPIDIDIOTI), making the following word definitely mean "because." The Latin and Coptic translations could be translations of either word.

Romans 8:23:

NOTES: "we wait for the redemption"
EVIDENCE: p^46vid D G 614 four lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn TEVn

COMMENTS: The word for "adoption [as sons]" was omitted by copyists either because they felt the apposition was clumsy and unnecessary or because they felt it contradicted verse 15.

Romans 8:24:

NOTES: "For who waits for what he sees?"
EVIDENCE: {Aleph(א)* 1739^margin} cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSV1989n

NOTES: "For why does anyone hope for what he sees?"
EVIDENCE: {Aleph(א)^c} B² {C} D G {K P Psi 33 81 104 614 630 1241 1881 2495 Byz Lect} lat vg {syr(h)}
TRANSLATIONS: {KJV ASVn NASV73 NEBn REB}

NOTES: "For why does anyone wait for what he sees?"
EVIDENCE: {A} syr(p) {cop(south)}
TRANSLATIONS: {NEB REBn}

COMMENTS: The word "waits" was probably introduced by copyists from verse 23. The Greek words for "who" and "anyone" are spelled alike in Greek with only a difference in accent, but accent was not marked in early manuscripts. The evidence and translations enclosed in braces add the word for "also" (variously translated "yet," "still," "already") Since the words for "why," "anyone," and "who" all begin with the same two letters, it is possible that "why" was accidently omitted through a mistake of the eye. It is also possible that it was accidently inserted when PEITISEL was read as PEITISTIEL.

Romans 8:26:

NOTES: "the Spirit himself intercedes for us"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c C K L P Psi 33 104 614 (630) 1241 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h) cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSV NRSVn ESV NIV TEV NEB REB CSB

COMMENTS: It is difficult to see the underlying Greek text in translations that do not mark added words. Later copyists added the implied prepositional phrase for the ones benefiting from the intercession.

Romans 8:28:

NOTES: "God works all things together for good"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ A B 81 cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSVn ESVn NASV NIV NEBn REBn TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: There was a tendency for copyists to supply a noun subject where only a pronoun is implied in the verb, as here. The reading "God" is found only in manuscripts of the Alexandrian type of ancient text, while it is omitted in early manuscripts of several kinds of ancient text.

Romans 8:34:

NOTES: "Christ [is] the One who died"
EVIDENCE: B D K 1241 1739 Byz Lect some lat syr(p) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021 NEB REB

COMMENTS: The word Jesus is enclosed in brackets in the UBS text. Although scribes commonly expanded the names of Jesus, the UBS committee considered the evidence to be evenly divided and decided to retain the longer form but with the extra word in brackets.

Romans 8:34:

NOTES: "more [than that], was raised from the dead, who"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)*^,c A C Psi 33 81 104 cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASV RSV NASVn NEB

COMMENTS: The words "from the dead" are a natural addition to "raised" when writing about the resurrection of Christ. The additional words are found only in manuscripts of the Alexandrian type of ancient text.

Romans 8:35:

NOTES: "Who shall separate us from the love of God?"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NASVn

OTHER: "Who shall separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus?"
EVIDENCE: B

COMMENTS: The readings "God" and "God in Christ Jesus" seem to have been taken by Alexandrian copyists from verse 39.

Romans 9:4:

NOTES: "the glory, and the covenant, and the giving of the law"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B D G three lat later vg some cop(north) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: TEVn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that copyists who knew of the several Old Testament covenants changed the singular to the plural, it is more likely that copyists changed the plural to the singular either because the other items in the series are singular, or because they felt that only the Mosaic covenant belonged to the Jews.

Romans 9:23:

NOTES: "fit for destruction, •in order that he"
EVIDENCE: B 1739^margin four lat vg some cop(north) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV ESV NIV

COMMENTS: The omission of the word translated "then" or "and" or "indeed" was probably an attempt by copyists and translators to simplify the grammatical construction of the sentence.

Romans 9:28:

NOTES: "for completing [his] word and cutting [it] short in righteousness, because the Lord will do [what he said in his] word that has been cut short on the earth"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c D G K P Psi 33 614 1241 2495 Byz Lect lat vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSVn

COMMENTS: The reading in the notes seems to have been copied exactly from the Greek Old Testament of Isaiah 10:22-23. The evidence in braces adds "in righteousness."

Romans 9:31:

NOTES: "Israel who pursued a law of righteousness did not attain to a law of righteousness"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² F K L P Psi 104 630 1241 1881 May most lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

OTHER: "Israel who pursued a law of righteousness did not attain"
EVIDENCE: 33

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Romans 9:32:

NOTES: "but as by works of law"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D K L P Psi 33 81 104 614 1241 2495 Byz Lect two lat syr(p,h,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading without "of law" is supported by the earliest manuscripts.