NOTES: "peace from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ p^51vid B D G H K 104 614 630 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h,pal) some cop(north) cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NASV95n NASV2020 NEB REB CSB

OTHER: "peace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ"
EVIDENCE: most cop(north)

COMMENTS: Although it is quite possible that copyists moved the pronoun "our" from "Lord" to "God" to make the salutation read like those in most of Paul's other letters, a majority of the UBS Textual Committee felt that pious scribes had moved "our" from "God" to "Lord Jesus Christ."

Galatians 1:6:

NOTES: "called ^plyou in grace to a different gospel."
EVIDENCE: p^46vid G H^vid two lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEB REB TEVn ("his grace")

NOTES: "called ^plyou in the grace of Jesus Christ, to a different gospel."
EVIDENCE: D 1241 two lat syr(h+)
TRANSLATIONS: none

OTHER: "called ^plyou in the grace of Christ Jesus, to a different gospel."
EVIDENCE: one lat cop(south)

COMMENTS: The word "Christ" is enclosed in brackets in the UBS text. Although it is possible that "the grace" is original and "of Christ" or "of Christ Jesus" or "of Jesus Christ" were added by copyists, the fact that the omission is supported by only part of the Western kind of ancient text makes it likely that "of Christ" is original. Copyists had a tendency to expand "Christ" by adding "Jesus" to it.

Galatians 1:8:

NOTES: "should proclaim a gospel contrary"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* G* Psi two lat
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NIV NEB REB

COMMENTS: The word for "to ^plyou" is enclosed in brackets in the UBS text following the verb "proclaim." In the evidence supporting its inclusion, it is found both before and after the verb. Although it is possible it was added from the last part of the verse, it is also possible that it was omitted to make the statement more general.

Galatians 1:15:

NOTES: "But when the One who had set me apart"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B G 2495 most lat vg syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: RSV NRSV2021 ESV NASV73 NASV2020

COMMENTS: The word "God" is enclosed in brackets in the UBS text. Although it is quite possible that "God" was added by copyists to make the meaning clear (it being absent from early manuscripts of both the Alexandrian and Western kinds of ancient text), a majority of the UBS Textual Committee felt that its inclusion by so many witnesses indicates that it is original and was accidently omitted, perhaps by a mistake of the eye (a one-letter definite article is found both before and after it).

Galatians 1:18:

NOTES: "I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Peter"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D F G K L P Psi 0278 81 104 630 1739^margin 1881 Maj lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: The Aramaic name "Cephas" has been replaced with the more familiar Greek name "Peter" by a number of copyists. The earliest manuscripts have "Cephas."

Galatians 2:1:

NOTES: "after fourteen years I went up to Jerusalem"
EVIDENCE: one lat cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: Although "again" is found both before and after "went up" in the manuscript evidence favoring it, the evidence for its omission is so slight that it must be original.

Galatians 2:5:

NOTES: "to them we yielded submission indeed for a [brief] hour, so that"
EVIDENCE: D* two lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn REBn

COMMENTS: Perhaps "not" was omitted by copyists who wanted to illustrate Paul's principle of becoming all things to all men (I Corinthians 9:20-23), but the statement without "not" does not really fit with what Paul is here saying.

Galatians 2:9:

NOTES: "James and Peter and John"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ one lat
TRANSLATIONS: TEV CSBn

OTHER: "Peter and James and John"
EVIDENCE: D F G two lat some vg

COMMENTS: The Aramaic name "Cephas" has been replaced with the more familiar Greek name "Peter" by a number of copyists. Several Western manuscripts move Peter to the first position, putting James and John together; however, this is James the brother of Jesus, not James the brother of John, who had been killed by Herod Agrippa I.

Galatians 2:11:

NOTES: "But when Peter came to Antioch"
EVIDENCE: D F G K L 630 Maj old lat some vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: The Aramaic name "Cephas" has been replaced with the more familiar Greek name "Peter" by a number of copyists. The earliest manuscripts have "Cephas."

Galatians 2:12:

NOTES: "For before a certain one came from James"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ four lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: The change from the plural to the singular seems to have been made by copyists to make it fit with the following change.

Galatians 2:12:

NOTES: "but when he came"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ Aleph(א) B D* G 33 four lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEBn

COMMENTS: The singular "he came" is probably due to careless scribes making the person of the verb the same as the preceding and following verbs.

Galatians 2:14:

NOTES: "I said to Peter"
EVIDENCE: D F G K L P 104 630 Maj old lat some vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: The Aramaic name "Cephas" has been replaced with the more familiar Greek name "Peter" by a number of copyists. The earliest manuscripts have "Cephas."

Galatians 3:1:

NOTES: "Who has bewitched ^plyou not to obey the truth"
EVIDENCE: C D² K L P Psi 0278 33^c 104 1241 1881 Maj later vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The additional clause was apparently added by copyists from Galatians 5:7. The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Galatians 3:1:

NOTES: "before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed among ^plyou [as] crucified"
EVIDENCE: D F G K L 33^c Maj most old lat later vg syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV TEV? CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Galatians 3:17:

NOTES: "a covenant previously ratified by God in Christ"
EVIDENCE: D F G I^vid K L 0176 0278 104 630 2495 Byz Lect some lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Galatians 4:6:

NOTES: "God has sent out the Spirit of his Son into ^plyour hearts"
EVIDENCE: D^c K L Psi 33 81 614 630 2495 Byz Lect one lat later vg syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "our" and "^plyour" in Greek came to be pronounced alike, thus leading to confusion on the part of copyists. The text reading is supported by the majority of early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Galatians 4:7:

NOTES: "if a son [then] also an heir of God through Christ."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² C³ D K P 104 614* 614^c ("Jesus Christ") 1241 2495 ("Jesus Christ") Byz Lect three lat syr(p,h) ("Jesus Christ")
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSVn

OTHER: "if a son [then] also an heir through Christ."
EVIDENCE: 81 630 1739 ("Jesus Christ") syr(pal) cop(south) one cop(north) ("Jesus Christ")

OTHER: "if a son [then] also an heir through God in Christ Jesus."
EVIDENCE: one cop(north)

OTHER: "if a son [then] also an heir of God, and fellow heir of Christ."
EVIDENCE: Psi

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Galatians 4:14:

NOTES: "[the condition] in my flesh [that was] a trial to me"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ C*^vid D^b,c K P Psi 614 630 2495 Byz Lect syr(h) most cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

OTHER: "[the condition] in my flesh [that was] a trial"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c 81 104 1241 syr(p)
COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of multiple text types.

Galatians 4:25:

NOTES: "For Sinai is a mountain in Arabia; and she"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) C G 1241 1739 four lat vg
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn [NEB REB TEVn (omit "For")]

OTHER: "For Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia; and she"
EVIDENCE: K P Psi 062 33 81 104 614 630 1881 2495 Byz syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV

OTHER: "Now Sinai is a mountain in Arabia; and she"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ three lat cop(south)

COMMENTS: The Greek word "For" is spelled gar which perhaps explains the omission of Hagar in some manuscripts as caused by a mistake of the eye, when copyists' eyes jumped from gar to the end of Hagar.

Galatians 4:28:

NOTES: "Now we, brothers, like Isaac, are children of"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A C D^c K P Psi 062 81 104 614 630 1241 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn ESVn

COMMENTS: The Greek words for "^plyou" and "we" were pronounced alike in later Greek. Perhaps copyists were influenced by verse 26 and 31 to understand the first person plural pronoun. The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of several kinds of ancient text.

Galatians 5:19:

NOTES: " the works of the flesh are apparent, which are adultery, sexual immorality, uncleanness"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D (F G) K L Psi 0122 (0278) 104 630 1739^margin Maj one lat syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Galatians 5:21:

NOTES: "envy, murder, drunkenness, carousing"
EVIDENCE: A C D G K P Psi 104 630 1241 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSVn NRSVn ESVn CSBn

COMMENTS: The Greek word for "envy" is spelled phthonoi and for "murder" is spelled phonoi. Although it is easy to see how a few Alexandrian copyists might have overlooked "murder" when their eyes jumped from the end of "envy" to the end of "murder," a majority of the UBS Textual Committee felt that "murder" might have been borrowed by other copyists from Romans 1:29.

Galatians 5:24:

NOTES: "those who belong to Christ"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ D F G K L 0122*^,2 81 104^c 630 Maj lat vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The word "Jesus" is in brackets in the UBS text. Although copyists had a tendency to expand divine names, the text reading is supported by early fourth and fifth century uncial manuscripts.

Galatians 6:2:

NOTES: "and so fulfill the law of Christ."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A C D K P Psi 33 81 104 614 630 1241 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASV RSV NRSVn ESV NASV TEVn

OTHER: "and so ^plyou will fill up the law of Christ."
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶

COMMENTS: There is only one letter difference between the future indicative (text reading) and the aorist imperative (reading in the notes). Since this verb is preceded by two verbs that are in the imperative mood, copyists would be more likely to change the future indicative to the aorist imperative than vice versa.

Galatians 6:13:

NOTES: "For even those who have been circumcised do not"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B G Psi 614 630 2495 some Byz Lect four lat cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NASVn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the present tense (text reading) might have been borrowed from Galatians 5:2 and 3, the evidence seems to indicate that the perfect tense (reading in the notes) was a modification introduced by copyists, perhaps first in Egypt. The NRSV and CSB rendering "the circumcised" is ambiguous as regards this variant.

Galatians 6:15:

NOTES: "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is anything"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A C D G K L P 0278 81 104 630 1241 (1739^c) 1881 Maj most lat syr(h) most cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV CSBn

COMMENTS: The prepositional phrase "in Christ Jesus" seems to have been borrowed by copyists from the parallel statement in Galatians 5:6. If the phrase were original, there would have been no good reason to omit it.