NOTES: "To the saints who are also faithful in Christ Jesus"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ Aleph(א)* B* 424^c 1739
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSV NRSVn ESVn NASVn NIVn NEBn REBn TEVn CSBn

COMMENTS: The words "in Ephesus" are in brackets in the UBS text because they are absent from five manuscripts of the Alexandrian type of ancient text.

Ephesians 1:14:

NOTES: "who is the down payment of our inheritance"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) D (Greek only) K Psi 33 614 630 1241 Byz Lect most lat vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: NKJV NRSVn ESV NASV NIV

COMMENTS: The difference between the two readings is one letter: "which" in Greek is ho (neuter gender) and "who" is hos (masculine gender). It is difficult to decide whether copyists changed "which" (agreeing in gender with "Spirit") to "who" to make the Spirit personable, or changed "who" to "which" to make it grammatically correct. A majority of the UBS committee favored "which" based on the early evidence for it. The NEB, REB, TEV, and CSB replace the pronoun with the noun "Spirit."

Ephesians 1:15:

NOTES: "^plyour faith in the Lord Jesus and toward all the saints"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ Aleph(א)* A B P 33 1739 1881 most cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn RSVn NRSVn ESVn NASVn

COMMENTS: The evidence listed above in braces has a different word order than that found in the text. The definite article occurs both before and after the Greek word for "love." Although it is possible that it was added by copyists from Colossians 1:4, it is much more likely that it was accidently omitted through a mistake of the eye, when copyists' eyes skipped from the definite article before "love" to the definite article after it.

Ephesians 2:5:

NOTES: "made [us] alive together in Christ"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B 33 three lat later vg cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSVn NASVn

COMMENTS: The Greek word for "made alive together" ends with the two letters that spell the Greek word for "in." Probably the reading "in Christ" arose when copyists accidently saw these letters twice, or perhaps the word was deliberately borrowed from "in Christ" in verse 6.

Ephesians 3:1:

NOTES: "a prisoner for Christ"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* D* F G some cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The word "Jesus" is in brackets in the UBS text. Although copyists had a tendency to add to divine names, the text reading is supported by the great majority of early manuscripts.

Ephesians 3:9:

NOTES: "and to bring to light what [is] the plan"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* A 1739 1881
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSVn NASV95 NASV2020n NEB REB

COMMENTS: The word translated "for all [people]" is in brackets in the UBS text, because it is missing from some early manuscripts. It may have been omitted because copyists felt it contradicted "the Gentiles" in verse 8.

Ephesians 3:14:

NOTES: "I bow my knees to the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D F G K L Psi 104 614 630 1241 1881 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n CSBn

COMMENTS: Copyists apparently added "of our Lord Jesus Christ" from Ephesians 1:3. The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Ephesians 3:21:

NOTES: "glory in the church in Christ Jesus"
EVIDENCE: D¹ K L P Psi 104^c 630 1241^supp Maj some vg syr some cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Ephesians 4:6:

NOTES: "who is over all and through all and in us all"
EVIDENCE: D E F G K L Psi 0278 630 Maj lat syr
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n

OTHER: "who is over all and through all and in ^plyou all"
EVIDENCE: 1739
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Ephesians 4:9:

NOTES: "he had also descended first into the lower parts"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c B C^c K P Psi 104 614 630 2495 Byz Lect some lat vg syr(p,h) most cop(south)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn NRSVn NASVn TEV CSBn

COMMENTS: The addition of "first" seems to be a natural expansion introduced by copyists to make the meaning clear.

Ephesians 4:17:

NOTES: "no longer to be walking as the rest of the Gentiles also walk"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D¹ K L P Psi 104 630 Maj one vg syr
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

Ephesians 4:29:

NOTES: "only such as is good for building up the faith"
EVIDENCE: D* F G lat later vg
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts. The reading "the faith" is found only in Western manuscripts.

Ephesians 4:32:

NOTES: "just as God in Christ also forgave us."
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁹ B D K Psi 33 104 630 1241 1739 1881 2495 Byz Lect one lat earlier vg syr(p,h) some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSVn NASVn CSBn

COMMENTS: In later Greek the words "^plyou" and "us" were pronounced alike. Copyists who did not clearly hear the word were more likely to write down the more general "us" than "^plyou" in such a phrase.

Ephesians 5:2:

NOTES: "Christ also loved ^plyou and gave himself up for ^plyou"
EVIDENCE: B two lat cop
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NEB REB

NOTES: "Christ also loved ^plyou and gave himself up for us"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* A P 0159 81 1241? two lat
TRANSLATIONS: ASV NRSVn NASV

COMMENTS: In later Greek the words for "us" and "^plyou" were pronounced alike. Although the evidence for the first "us" is fairly evenly balanced between "us" and "^plyou," the evidence for the second "us" is much stronger than the evidence for "^plyou." It seems likely that Paul originally used the same pronoun in both places.

Ephesians 5:9:

NOTES: "the fruit of the Spirit [is found] in all goodness"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ D^c K Psi 104 614 630 1241 1739^margin 2495 Byz syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n CSBn

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the word "light" was taken by copyists from the previous line, it is much more probable that "the Spirit" was borrowed by copyists from the phrase "fruit of the Spirit" in Galatians 5:22.

Ephesians 5:19:

NOTES: "psalms and hymns and songs, singing and"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B two lat
TRANSLATIONS: NEB REB

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the word "spiritual" was added from the parallel passage in Colossians 3:16, it is much more likely that it was accidently omitted due to a mistake of the eye, since the word for "songs" (which precedes "spiritual" in Greek) ends in the same three letters as the word for "spiritual."

Ephesians 5:22:

NOTES: "Wives, be subject to [†your] own husbands"
EVIDENCE: (D G) K 614 630 Byz Lect (some lat) syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV RSV? ESV? NIV? NEB? REB? TEV? CSB

NOTES: "Wives must be subject to [their] own husbands"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A I P (Psi) 33 81 104 1241 1739 1881 2495 most lat vg syr(pal) (cop)
TRANSLATIONS: New American Bible, Revised Edition

COMMENTS: The shorter text reading depends on the implied verb "be subject" from the previous verse. Apparently copyists inserted the implied verb in this verse when a new reading section began with this verse. It is difficult to tell which reading many modern translations are following when they don't mark added words.

Ephesians 5:30:

NOTES: "because we are members of his body, of his flesh and of his bones."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)^c D G P Psi 104 614 630 1241 1739^margin 2495 Byz Lect lat vg syr(p,h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSVn CSBn

OTHER: "because we are members of his body, of his flesh and of his body."
EVIDENCE: K

COMMENTS: Although it is possible that the phrase "of his flesh and of his bones" was accidently omitted when copyists' eyes jumped from "his" to "his" (which follow "body" and "bones" in Greek), it is more likely that the words were taken from Genesis 2:23 (where, however, the order is "of his bones and of his flesh") since verse 31 is a quote from Genesis 2:24.

Ephesians 6:1:

NOTES: "keep obeying ^plyour parents, for this"
EVIDENCE: B D* G four lat
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn NEB REB TEVn

COMMENTS: The words "in the Lord" are in brackets in the UBS text. Although it is possible that they were added from Ephesians 5:22 or Colossians 3:20, it is more likely that they were omitted to generalize the text. They are supported by early manuscripts of several kinds of ancient text.

Ephesians 6:12:

NOTES: "^plyour wrestling is not against flesh and blood"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B D* G Psi 81 some lat syr(p,pal)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSVn

OTHER: "wrestling is not against flesh and blood"
EVIDENCE: most cop(south)

COMMENTS: The words "our" and "^plyour" in Greek came to be pronounced alike, thus leading to confusion on the part of copyists. In spite of the early manuscripts supporting "^plyour," most of the verbs in the surrounding verses use the second person "^plyou," so it is more likely that "our" was changed by copyists to "^plyour" than the other way around.

Ephesians 6:19:

NOTES: "to make known with boldness the mystery"
EVIDENCE: B G two lat one cop(middle)
TRANSLATIONS: NEB NRSVn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the majority of early manuscripts of multiple text types. It is notable that there are no other expansions such as "of the gospel of Christ" that copyists often made if this were an addition.

Ephesians 6:20:

NOTES: "that I may speak it boldly"
EVIDENCE: p⁴⁶ B 1739 1881
TRANSLATIONS: RSV NRSV ESV NASVn NIV

COMMENTS: Perhaps a few copyists changed "in it" to "it" under the influence of the parallel in Colossians 4:4: "that I may make it apparent."

Ephesians 6:24:

NOTES: "Grace [be] with all those who love our Lord Jesus Christ with imperishable [love]. Amen"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² D K L P Psi 104 630 1739^c Maj most lat most vg syr some cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSVn CSBn

COMMENTS: Copyists often added "Amen" to the end of a book they had copied.