NOTES: "the crown of life which the Lord has promised to those who love him"
EVIDENCE: (C) K L P 049 056 0142 0246 104 614 630 2495 Byz Lect syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NIV? CSBn

NOTES: "the crown of life which God has promised to those who love him"
EVIDENCE: 33^vid 1241 1739 most lat vg syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: RSV? NRSVn ESV? REB? TEV? CSB?

COMMENTS: It is difficult to tell the Greek text behind modern translations that do not mark added words. Apparently copyists added either "the Lord" or "God" to make explicit the implied subject. The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

James 1:17:

NOTES: "no variation that [consists] of the turning of a shadow."
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)* B
TRANSLATIONS: RSVn NRSVn ESVn NIV NEB REB CSB

OTHER: "none of variation or of turning of a shadow"
EVIDENCE: p²³

OTHER: "no variation or turning of a shadow"
EVIDENCE: 614 2495

OTHER: "no variation or tipping of a shadow."
EVIDENCE: one lat cop(north)?

OTHER: "no shadow or turning or variation."
EVIDENCE: cop(south)

COMMENTS: The difficulty of understanding the passage has led copyists to change it in a number of ways. The UBS Textual Committee felt that the text reading is the least unsatisfactory.

James 1:26:

NOTES: "If anyone among ^plyou thinks he is religious"
EVIDENCE: K L Byz
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV TEV? CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

James 2:3:

NOTES: "'You stand,' or 'Sit down there beside my footstool'"
EVIDENCE: B 945 1241 1739 one lat cop(south) ("here")
TRANSLATIONS: NEB ("here")

NOTES: "'You stand there,' or 'Sit down here beside my footstool'"
EVIDENCE: p^74vid Aleph(א) C² K P 104 Byz Lect syr(p) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NEBn REB TEV

COMMENTS: It seems that "here" was added to the second phrase by some copyists to improve the parallelism. Others moved "there" from the first phrase to the second.

James 2:11:

NOTES: "you have become a rebel of the law"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴ A
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the majority of early manuscripts of multiple text types.

James 2:19:

NOTES: "You believe that there is one God"
EVIDENCE: B 614 630 945 1241 1739 2495
TRANSLATIONS: NKJV ASVn NIV? TEV? REB

OTHER: "You believe that God is"
EVIDENCE: K(text) Psi

COMMENTS: The text reading can also be translated "there is one God." The difference in the readings is between the presence (text) or absence (notes) of the definite article. The evidence for each shows variations in word order.

James 2:20:

NOTES: "faith apart from works is dead"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) A C² K P Psi 33 81 104 614 630 1241 2495 Byz Lect one lat later vg syr(p,h) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n NIVn TEVn

NOTES: "faith apart from works is empty"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴ one lat
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: It is likely that the reading "dead" was borrowed by copyists from verses 17 and 26. The reading "empty" was taken from "O empty man" earlier in the verse.

James 2:25:

NOTES: "she received the spies"
EVIDENCE: C 1739 one lat syr(p) cop(north)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n NIV TEV

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the majority of early manuscripts of multiple text types. The reading "spies" seems to be a clarification by copyists (and by English translations?), perhaps from the Greek Old Testament where the verb form "to spy" is used. Compare Hebrew 11:31.

James 3:8:

NOTES: "the tongue—a uncontrollable evil"
EVIDENCE: C K L Psi 81 1739c Byz syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n NEB TEV

COMMENTS: There are only two middle letters difference between these two eleven letter words in Greek, so this would seem to be a mistake of the eye. The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of both Alexandrian and Western text types.

James 3:9:

NOTES: "With it we bless the God and Father"
EVIDENCE: K L Byz early vg syr(h) most cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts. Since the term "Lord" was often used for Jesus, copyists were more likely to change "Lord" to "God" than vice versa.

James 4:4:

NOTES: "adulterers and adulteresses"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א)² K P Psi 049 056 0142 104 614 630 945 2495 Byz Lect syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: In the Old Testament the term "adulteress" was used of God's people who were unfaithful. Copyists who did not understand the figurative usage added "adulterers" also. The text reading is supported by early manuscripts of both the Alexandrian and Western text types.

James 4:5:

NOTES: "the Spirit which dwells in us"
EVIDENCE: K L P 33 614 630 945 2495 Byz Lect lat vg syr cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV ASVn NRSV2021n

COMMENTS: There is only one letter difference between the two readings in spelling and the two words were pronounced alike. It is likely that the rare causative verb "made to dwell" was replaced by copyists with the more common simple form "dwell." The word is uncertain in manuscripts A and 81.

James 4:12:

NOTES: "There is [only] One [who is] lawgiver"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴ K L Byz
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NRSV2021n CSBn

COMMENTS: Apparently "and judge" was omitted by copyists who felt that both the Father and the Son were judges. It may have been omitted due to a mistake of the eye since both "lawgiver" and "judge" end in the same last three letters.

James 4:14:

NOTES: "not know about tomorrow. For what [is] ^plyour life?"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴ Aleph(א)^c A K L P Psi 33 81 104 630 945 1241 1739 2495 Byz Lect most lat vg syr(p) most cop
TRANSLATIONS: KJV NKJV NASV73n

OTHER: "not know about tomorrow. But what [is] ^plyour life?"
EVIDENCE: one lat

COMMENTS: The text reading can also be translated "not know what sort of life [is] ^plyours tomorrow." Apparently "For" was inserted by copyists under the influence of the next sentence to prevent this ambiguity.

James 5:12:

NOTES: "so that ^plyou may not fall into hypocrisy"
EVIDENCE: P Psi 81 Byz
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n CSBn

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the earliest manuscripts.

James 5:19:

NOTES: "if anyone among ^plyou errs from the way of truth"
EVIDENCE: Aleph(א) 33 81 syr(p)
TRANSLATIONS: NRSV2021n

OTHER: "if anyone among ^plyou errs from the way"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴

COMMENTS: The text reading is supported by the majority of early manuscripts of multiple text types.

James 5:20:

NOTES: "^plyou must know that the one who turns"
EVIDENCE: B 2495 syr(h)
TRANSLATIONS: ASVn NRSV NIV? NEB REB TEV?

OTHER: "that the one who turns"
EVIDENCE: Psi

OTHER: "the one who turns"
EVIDENCE: p⁷⁴ one lat cop(south)

COMMENTS: The change from the third person singular to the second person plural seems to have been made to have the statement addressed to the reader. In the same way, the reading of the NIV and TEV is probably translational rather than textual for the same reason.